[455] I am now very near to the psychopathological problematic, which we have discussed at the end of the first semester. What the psychoanalysts tried to do--if you take that word in the largest sense-- is just this, namely to open up what is cut off by the ideal of personality, as it has developed in Protestantism^a and humanism^b, and of course [has] largely grasped, especially in this country, also the Catholic^c section of this country and, even more than the Protestant, the Jewish^d section of this country. Now in all these groups we have a strong development of the ideal of personality^e, and for this reason something has happened which is characteristic for it: the more the personality ideal was predominant, the more psychoanalysis was needed. It is LEAST needed in Roman^f

Catholic^g sections; it is MOST needed, at least statistically, in Jewish^h groups; and again nearer to it, in Protestantⁱ groups. This means that this picture [?], which makes the situation especially clear, cut off from the vital sources of life by the commandments which come from the law^j, be it humanistic^k or religious^l. [??] This is the reason for a large amount of mental disease, or of chaotic explosion which may ruin the personality definitively, if he is not able to overcome

the chaos; and very often, after he has gone through the chaos, he returns to another protection by obedience to an even more repressive^m law. Now these developments are so frequent that I believe the analyst and the minister and the counselor--who is every Protestant, in Protestantism--should help the other one to find the approach to his vital sources without the tremendous anxietyⁿ which is produced if the norms of repression are still alive in a person.