[382] time, perhaps decades, perhaps centuries, but somehow then the mass has developed. We have now two developments in the whole world, which go in the direction of mass society^a. I gave you many examples already; now I come to the overall picture. There are two ways of pressures which do this. The one is the predominantly external pressure--this is the East, what we usually mean the Communist^b system of totalitarianism^c. There we have a pressure to mass society by the external means, which I partly described in pointing to

concentration camps (they are working-camps now), but there are other ways too. In the West, in our Western civilization, it is not predominantly external pressure--although this also is given, as in the East psychological pressure also is given--but it is a hidden psychological^d pressure. If we describe such things, I must always ask you: don’t make them into either-or’s--life is never like this. There is much propagandistic influence of a hidden and often psychological character also in the East; merely external pressure never works in the long run. That is what all politicians^e and statesmen know, or should know. On the other hand, in our Western world the influence toward mass society^f is not only psychological one, but it is also supposed by internal power, especially economic^g

power^h. Now which are these influences? We will come to them after I finish this general survey about the situation, but I must name them now. One of them, the earliest--and emphasized mostly in Brave New World and 1984--is the educationⁱ to adjustment. Whenever you speak with educators, you can hear: ''He is a very good educator; all the pupils in his class are well-adjusted.'' Now I could say, ''They are well-adjusted to what?'' If he then answers, ''They are well- adjusted to behave in the class so that we can work together,'' then it is alright; that is good adjustment.