[382] time, perhaps decades, perhaps centuries, but somehow then the mass has developed. We have now two developments in the whole world, which go in the direction of mass society^a. I gave you many examples already; now I come to the overall picture. There are two ways of pressures which do this. The one is the predominantly external pressure--this is the East, what we usually mean the Communist^b system of totalitarianism. There we have a pressure to mass society by the external means, which I partly described in pointing to

concentration camps (they are working-camps now), but there are other ways too. In the West, in our Western civilization, it is not predominantly external pressure--although this also is given, as in the East psychological pressure also is given--but it is a hidden psychological pressure. If we describe such things, I must always ask you: don’t make them into either-or’s--life is never like this. There is much propagandistic influence of a hidden and often psychological character also in the East; merely external pressure never works in the long run. That is what all politicians and statesmen know, or should know. On the other hand, in our Western world the influence toward mass society^c is not only psychological one, but it is also supposed by internal power, especially economic

power. Now which are these influences? We will come to them after I finish this general survey about the situation, but I must name them now. One of them, the earliest--and emphasized mostly in Brave New World and 1984--is the education^d to adjustment. Whenever you speak with educators, you can hear: "He is a very good educator; all the pupils in his class are well-adjusted." Now I could say, "They are well-adjusted to what?" If he then answers, "They are well- adjusted to behave in the class so that we can work together," then it is alright; that is good adjustment.