[259] of life processes. And from here a tremendous reaction occurred against the stimulus-response psychology.^a You all know what conditioned-reflex is. You all know how important conditioned reflexes are for modern psychology and sociology. But you don't know it as well as some other people with whom you are, I hope not too, sympathetic know, namely the dictators. The stimulus- reflex psychology was and became the great tool of the dictators. Now why? Because if man can be brought into a situation in which he reacts in terms of stimulus and response, then you can make everything of him which you want to make; you only must have the power to produce the well-calculated stimuli, and then the intended responses will follow. The extreme of this was the concentration camp, where the intended effects responded, were reached by an intensive continuous attack in terms of negative stimuli which were calculated to reduce human beings completely into objects. Now this possibility had its limits even in the concentration camp. People were able to resist. And people are always able to resist the stimulus-response curve if it is imposed on them. Some people broke down, of course, and became nothing but tools. But l know a lot of them who did NOT break down, even after twelve years in prison and concentration camps, and who, immediately after they were sufficiently established bodily, worked on a high level creatively ever since. This means there is in man something which we can call "freedom,^b" and in biological nature, "spontaneity,^c" which is able to resist the stimulus-response reaction in terms of a calculated